ICSE Class 10 Chemical Bonding Solution By Clarify knowledge
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ICSE Class 10 Periodic Table Solution Table
- ICSE Class 10 Chemical Bonding Solution By Clarify knowledge
- ICSE Class 10 Periodic Table Solution Table
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- Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding Exercise Intext 1
- Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding Exercise Intext 2
- Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding Exercise Ex. 2
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ICSE Class 10 All Subject MCQ
Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding Exercise Intext 1
Question 1
How do atoms attain noble gas configuration?Solution 1
Atoms lose, gain or share electrons to attain noble gas configuration.Question 2
Define
(a) a chemical bond
(b) an electrovalent bond
(c) a covalent bondSolution 2
(a) A chemical bond may be defined as the force of attraction between any two atoms, in a molecule, to maintain stability.
(b) The chemical bond formed between two atoms by transfer of one or more electrons from the atom of a metallic electropositive element to an atom of a non-metallic electronegative element is called as electrovalent bond.
(c) The chemical bond formed due to mutual sharing of electrons between the given pairs of atoms of non-metallic elements is called as a covalent bond.Question 3
What are the conditions for formation of an electrovalent bond?Solution 3
Conditions for formation of Ionic bond are:
(i) The atom which changes into cation should possess 1, 2 or 3 valency electrons. The other atom which changes into anion should possess 5, 6 or 7 electrons in the valence shell.
(ii) A high difference of electronegativity of the two atoms is necessary for the formation of an Ionic bond.
(iii) There must be an overall decrease in energy i.e., energy must be released.
For this an atom should have low value of Ionisation potential and the other atom should have high value of electron affinity.
(iv) Higher the lattice energy, greater will be the case of forming an ionic compound.Question 4
An atom X has three electrons more than noble gas configuration. What type of ion will it form? Write the formula of its (i) Sulphate (ii) Nitrate (iii) Phosphate (iv) carbonate (v) HydroxideSolution 4
It will form a cation: X3+
(i) X2(SO4)3
(ii) X(NO3)3
(iii) XPO4
(iv) X2(CO3)3
(v) X(OH)3Question 5
Mention the basic tendency of an atom which makes it combine with other atoms.Solution 5
Atoms combine with other atoms to attain stable octet or noble gas configuration.Question 7
In the formation of compound XY2, an atom X gives one electron to each Y atom, what is the nature of bond in XY2? Draw the electron dot structure of this compound?Solution 7
X and Y form an ionic bond in XY2.
.Question 8
An atom has 2, 8, 7 electrons in its shell. It combines with Y having 1 electron in its outermost shell.
(a) What type of bond will be formed between X and Y?
(b) Write the formula of compound formed.Solution 8
(a) X has 7 electrons in its outermost shell and Y has only one electron in its outermost shell so Y loses its one electron and X gains that electron to form an ionic bond.
(b) The formula of the compound would be XY.Question 9
Explain with the help of ionic equation and electron dot structural diagram the formation of the following electrovalent compounds.
(i) NaCl (ii) MgCl2 (iii) CaO.Solution 9
i. Orbit structure and electron dot diagram of NaCl:
ii. Orbit structure and electron dot diagram of MgCl2:
iii. Orbit structure and electron dot diagram of CaO:
Question 10
Compare :
(a) Sodium atom and sodium ion
(b) Chlorine atom and chlorine ion
With respect to
(i) Atomic structure
(ii) Electrical state
(iii) Chemical action and
(iv) toxicitySolution 10
(a) Sodium atom and sodium ion
(i) Sodium atom has one electron in M shell while sodium ion has 8 electrons in L shell.
(ii) Sodium atom is neutral while sodium ion is positively charged.
(iii) Sodium atom is highly reactive while its ion is inert.
iv) Sodium atom is poisonous while sodium ion is non-poisonous.
(b)Chlorine atom and chlorine ion
(i) Chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its M shell while Chloride ion has 8 electrons in the same shell.
(ii) Chlorine atom is neutral while chloride ion is negatively charged.
(iii) Chlorine atom is highly reactive while its ion is inert.
iv) Chlorine gas is poisonous while chloride ion is non-poisonous.Question 11
The electronic configuration of fluoride ion is the same as that of a neon atom. What is the difference between two?Solution 11
Fluoride ion is negatively charged while neon atom is neutral.Question 12
State which of the following are reduction reaction and which are oxidation
(i) Pb2+ + 2e- → Pb
(ii) Fe2+ - e- → Fe3+
(iii) A3+ + e-1→ A2+
(iv) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e- Solution 12
(i) Pb2+ + 2e- → Pb (Reduction)
(ii) Fe2+ - e- → Fe3+ (Oxidation)
(iii) A3+ + e-1→ A2+ (Reduction)
(iv) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e- (Oxidation) Question 13
What do you understand by redox reactions? Explain oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons.Solution 13
Transfer of electron(s) is involved in the formation of an electrovalent bond. The electropositive atom undergoes oxidation, while the electronegative atom undergoes reduction. This is known as a redox process.
Oxidation: In the electronic concept, oxidation is a process in which an atom or ion loses electron(s).
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
Reduction: In the electronic concept, the reduction is a process in which an atom or ion accepts electron(s).
Cu2+ + 2e-→ Cu Question 14
Divide the following redox reactions into oxidation and reduction half reactions.
Solution 14
- Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- (Oxidation)
Pb2+ + 2e- → Pb (Reduction) - Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- (Oxidation)
Cu2+ + 2e-→ Cu (Reduction) - Cl2 + 2e-→ 2Cl- (Reduction)
2Br-→ Br2 + 2e- (Oxidation) - Sn2+→ Sn4+ + 2e- (Oxidation)
2Hg2+ + 2e-→ Hg2 (Reduction) - Cu+→ Cu2+ + e- (Oxidation)
Cu+ + e- → Cu (Reduction)
Question 15
Potassium (Atomic No. 19) and chlorine (Atomic No. 17) react to form a compound. On the basis of electronic concept, explain
i. oxidation
ii. reduction
iii. oxidising agent
iv. reducing agentSolution 15
2K + Cl2→ 2KCl
i. Oxidation: In the electronic concept, oxidation is a process in which an atom or ion loses electron(s).
K → K+ + e-
ii. Reduction: In the electronic concept, the reduction is a process in which an atom or ion accepts electron(s).
Cl2 + 2e-→ 2Cl-
iii. Oxidising agent
An oxidising agent oxidises other substances either by accepting electrons or by providing oxygen or an electronegative ion, or by removing hydrogen or an electropositive ion.
Cl2 + 2e-→ 2Cl-
iv. Reducing agent
A reducing agent reduces other substances either by providing electrons or by providing hydrogen or an electropositive ion, or by removing oxygen or an electronegative ion.
K → K+ + e-Question 6
The element X has electronic configuration 2, 8, 18, 8, 1. Without identifying X ,
(a) Predict the sign and charge on a simple ion of X
(b) Write if X will be an oxidizing agent or reducing agent and why?Solution 6
(a) X+
(b) X will be a strong reducing agent as it will have the tendency to donate its valence electron.
Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding Exercise Intext 2
Question 5
A solid is crystalline, has a high melting point and is water soluble. Describe the nature of the solid.Solution 5
The crystalline solid is ionic in nature. It has strong electrostatic forces of attraction between its ions, which cannot be separated easily.
Crystalline solids have high melting and boiling points, and a large amount of energy is required to break the strong bonding force between ions.
Water is a polar compound, so it decreases the electrostatic forces of attraction in the crystalline solid, resulting in free ions in the aqueous solution. Hence, the solid dissolves.Question 1
What are conditions necessary for the formation of covalent molecules?Solution 1
(i) Both atoms should have four or more electrons in their outermost shells, i.e., non-metals.
(ii) Both the atoms should have high electronegativity.
(iii) Both the atoms should have high electron affinity and high ionisation potential.
(iv) Electronegativity difference between the two atoms should be zero or negligible.
(v) The approach of the atoms towards one another should be accompanied by decrease of energy.Question 2
Elements A, B and C have atomic numbers17, 19 and 10 respectively.
(a) State which one is:
(i) A non-metal
(ii) A metal
(iii) Chemically inert?
(b) Write down the formula of the compound formed by two of the above elements.Solution 2
(a) A is a non-metal; B is a metal while C is a chemically inert element.
(b) BAQuestion 3
Draw the electron dot diagram and structure of:
a. nitrogen molecule
b. magnesium chloride
c. methaneSolution 3
a.
b.
c.
Question 4
What is the difference between:
(a) Ionic compounds and polar covalent compounds
(b) Ionic compounds and covalent compounds
(c) A polar covalent compound and a non-polar covalent compound?Solution 4
(a) Ionic compounds are formed as a result of the transfer of one or more electrons from the atom of a metallic electropositive element to an atom of a non-metallic electronegative element.
A polar covalent compound is the one in which there is an unequal distribution of electrons between the two atoms.
(b) Ionic compounds, made up of ions, are generally crystalline solids with high melting and boiling points.
They are soluble in water and good conductors of electricity in aqueous solution and molten state.
Covalent compounds, made up of molecules, can exist as soft solids or liquids or gases with low melting and boiling points. They are generally insoluble in water and poor conductors of electricity.
(c) Polar covalent compounds are formed between 2 non-metal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonded electron pair.
Non-polar compounds are formed when two identical non-metals equally share electrons between them.Question 6
What do you understand by polar covalent compounds? Explain it by taking hydrogen chloride as an example.Solution 6
Covalent compounds are said to be polar when shared pair of electrons are unequally distributed between the two atoms. For example in HCl, the high electronegativity of the chlorine atom attracts the shared electron pair towards itself. As a result, it develops a slight negative charge and hydrogen atom develops a slight positive charge. Hence, a polar covalent bond is formed.
Question 7
a. Explain the bonding in methane molecule using the electron dot structure.
b. The methane molecule is a non-polar molecule. Explain.Solution 7
a.
| Atom | Electronic configuration | Nearest noble gas | To attain stable electronic configuration of a nearest noble gas |
| Carbon | 126C [2,4] | Neon [2,8] | Carbon needs four electrons to complete the octet. |
| Hydrogen | 11H [1] | Helium [2] | Hydrogen needs one electron to complete the duplet. |
One atom of carbon shares four electron pairs, one with each of the four atoms of hydrogen.
 | |
| Before combination(4 [H] and 1 [C] atom) | After combination (CH4 - Methane molecule) |
b. Methane is a covalent compound and is non-polar in nature. This is because the shared pair of electrons is equally distributed between the two atoms. So, no charge separation takes place and the molecule is symmetrical and electrically neutral.Question 8
Give the characteristic properties of:
(a) Electrovalent compounds
(b) Covalent compoundsSolution 8
(a) Properties of Electrovalent Compounds:
1. Ionic compounds usually exist in the form of crystalline solids.
2. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
3. Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents.
4. They are good conductors of electricity in the fused or in an aqueous solution state.
(b) Properties of Covalent Compounds:
1.The covalent compounds exist as gases or liquids or soft solids.
2. The melting and boiling points of covalent compounds are generally low.
3. Covalent compounds are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents.
4. They are non-conductors of electricity in the solid, molten or aqueous state.Question 9
a. State the type of bond is formed when the combining atoms have:
i. zero E.N. difference
ii. small E.N. difference
iii. large E.N. difference
b. State the type of bond formed, and draw Lewis structure of
i. water
ii. calcium oxideSolution 9
a.
i. Covalent bond
ii. Polar covalent bond
iii. Ionic bond
b.
i. water: Polar covalent bonding takes place in water.
ii. calcium oxide: Electrovalent bonding takes place in calcium oxide.
Question 10
Explain the following:
a. Electrovalent compounds conduct electricity.
b. Electrovalent compounds have a high melting point and boiling point, while covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
c. Electrovalent compounds dissolve in water, whereas covalent compounds do not.
d. Electrovalent compounds are usually hard crystals yet brittle.
e. Polar covalent compounds conduct electricity.
f. Water is a polar covalent molecule.Solution 10
a. Electrovalent compounds are good conductors of electricity in the fused or aqueous state because electrostatic forces of attraction between ions in the solid state are very strong and these forces weaken in the fused state or in the solution state. Hence, ions become mobile.
b. Electrovalent compounds have a strong force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions, so a large amount of energy is required to break the strong bonding force between ions. So, they have high boiling and melting points.
Covalent compounds have weak forces of attraction between the binding molecules, thus less energy is required to break the force of binding. So, they have low boiling and melting points.
c. As water is a polar compound, it decreases the electrostatic forces of attraction, resulting in free ions in the aqueous solution. Hence, electrovalent compounds dissolve.
Covalent compounds do not dissolve in water but dissolve in organic solvents. Organic solvents are non-polar; hence, these dissolve in non-polar covalent compounds.
d. Electrovalent compounds are usually hard crystals yet brittle because they have strong electrostatic forces of attraction between their ions which cannot be separated easily.
e. Polar covalent compounds conduct electricity because they form ions in their solutions.
f. If the atoms forming a covalent bond have different electro-negativities, the atom with higher electronegativity pulls the shared pair of electron towards itself. Thus, the atom with the higher electronegativity develops a partial negative charge and the atom with the lower electronegativity develops a partial positive charge. This covalent bond with some polarity is called polar covalent bond. Since there is electronegativity difference between O and H present in water molecule, water is polar compound.Question 11
Elements X, Y and Z have atomic numbers 6, 9 and 12, respectively. Which one
a. forms an anion
b. forms a cation
c. State the type of bond between Y and Z and give its molecular formula.Solution 11
a.
i. Y = 9
ii. Z = 12
b. Ionic bond with molecular formula ZY2.Question 12
Taking MgCl2 as an electrovalent compound and CCl4 as a covalent compound, give four differences between electrovalent and covalent compounds.Solution 12
| MgCl2 - Electrovalent compound | CCl4 - Covalent compound |
| They are hard crystalline solids consisting of ions. | These are gases or liquids or soft solids. |
| They have high melting and boiling points. | They have low melting and boiling points. |
| They conduct electricity in the fused or aqueous state. | They do not conduct electricity in the solid, molten or aqueous state. |
| These are soluble in inorganic solvents but insoluble in organic solvents. | These are insoluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents. |
Question 13
Potassium chloride is an electrovalent compound, while hydrogen chloride is a covalent compound. But both conduct electricity in their aqueous solutions. Explain.Solution 13
Potassium chloride is an electrovalent compound and conducts electricity in the molten or aqueous state because the electrostatic forces of attraction weaken in the fused state or in aqueous solution.
Polar covalent compounds like hydrogen chloride ionise in their solutions and can act as an electrolyte. So, both can conduct electricity in their aqueous solutions.Question 14(a)
Draw the electron dot structure of covalent compound methane (non-polar) and HCl (polar) and give two differences between them.Solution 14(a)
Methane Hydrogen chloride
Methane is a covalent compound and is non-polar in nature. This is because the shared pair of electrons is equally distributed between the two atoms. So, no charge separation takes place and the molecule is symmetrical and electrically neutral.
HCl is a covalent compound formed by sharing one electron between chlorine and hydrogen. Because chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen, the shared pair of electrons shifts towards the chlorine atom. So, a partial negative charge (δ-) develops on chlorine and a partial positive charge (δ+) develops on hydrogen. Hence, the covalent bond is polar in nature.Question 14(b)
Name two compounds that are covalent when taken pure but produce ions when dissolved in water.Solution 14(b)
HCl and NH3 Question 14(c)
For each compound mentioned above, give the formulae of ions formed in the aqueous solution.Solution 14(c)
HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-
NH3 + H2O →NH4+ + OH- Question 15
An element M burns in oxygen to form an ionic bond MO. Write the formula of the compounds formed if this element is made to combine with chlorine and sulphur separately.Solution 15
Formula of compound when combined with sulphur - MSFormula of compound when combined with chlorine - MCl2Question 16
Element A has 2 electrons in its M shell. Element B has atomic number 7.
(a) Write equations to show how A and B form ions.
(b) If B is a diatomic gas, write the equation for the direct combination of A and B to form a compound.
(c) If the compound formed between A and B is melted and an electric current is passed through the molten compound, then element A will be obtained at the _________ and B at the ________ of the electrolytic cell. Solution 16
(a) 
(b) 
(c) If the compound formed between A and B is melted and an electric current is passed through the molten compound, then element A will be obtained at the cathode and B at the anode of the electrolytic cell.
Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding Exercise Ex. 2
Question 1
Define a coordinate bond and give conditions for its formation.Solution 1
The bond formed between two atoms by sharing a pair of electrons, provided entirely by one of the combining atoms but shared by both is called a coordinate bond. It is represented by an arrow starting from the donor atoms and ending in the acceptor atom.
Conditions:
1. One of the two atoms must have at least one lone pair of electrons.
2. Another atom should be short of at least a lone pair of electrons.
The two lone pair of electrons in the oxygen atom of water is used to form coordinate bond with the hydrogen ion which is short of an electron resulting in the formation of the hydronium ion.
H2O + H+ H3O+ Over here the hydrogen ion accepts one lone pair of electrons of the oxygen atom of water molecule leading to the formation of a coordinate covalent bond.Question 1(2009)
a. The one which is composed of all the three kinds of bonds [ionic, covalent and coordinate bonds] is
A. Sodium chloride
B. Ammonia
C. Carbon tetrachloride
D. Ammonium chloride
b. Draw the structural formula of carbon tetrachloride and state the type of bond present in it.Solution 1(2009)
a. Ammonium chloride
b.
A single covalent bond is present.Question 1(2010)
a. Select the correct answer from A, B, C and D. Metals lose electrons during ionisation _____. This change is called
A. Oxidation
B. Reduction
C. Redox
D. Displacement
b. Select the right answer.
i. Sodium chloride _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and coordinate bond.
ii. Ammonium ion _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and coordinate bond.
iii. Carbon tetrachloride _______ covalent bond / ionic bond / covalent and coordinate bond.Solution 1(2010)
a. Oxidation
b.
i. ionic bond
ii. covalent and oordinate bond
iii. covalent bondQuestion 1(2011)
a.
i. In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to …………… [sharing/transfer] of electrons.
ii. Electrovalent compounds have a ……….. [low/high] boiling point.
iii. A molecule of ……………. contains a triple bond. [hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen].
b. By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair effect leading to the formation of ammonium ion from ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.
c. Give reasons. Hydrogen chloride can be termed a polar covalent compound.Solution 1(2011)
a.
i. Sharing
ii. high
iii. nitrogen
b.
c.
HCl is a covalent compound formed by sharing one electron between chlorine and hydrogen. Because chlorine is more electronegative than hydrogen, the shared pair of electrons shifts towards the chlorine atom. So, a partial negative charge (δ-) develops on chlorine and a partial positive charge (δ+) develops on hydrogen. Hence, the covalent bond is polar in nature.Question 1(2012)
a. Draw an electron dot diagram of the structure of hydronium ion. State the type of bonding present in it.
b. There are three elements E, F, G with atomic number 19, 8 and 17, respectively. Give the molecular formula of the compound formed between E and G and state the type of chemical bond in this compound.Solution 1(2012)
a.
Covalent and coordinate bond
b. E = 19
F = 8
G= 17
Molecular formula: EG
Chemical bond: Ionic bondQuestion 1(2013)
a. A chemical term for a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.
b. Among the compounds, identify the compound that has all three bonds [ionic, covalent and coordinate bond].
A. Ammonia
B. Ammonium chloride
C. Sodium hydroxide
D. Calcium chloride
c. State which is not a typical property of an ionic compound.
A. High m.p.
B. Conducts electricity in molten and aqueous state
C. Are insoluble in water
D. Exist as oppositely charged ions even in the solid state
d. Compare carbon tetrachloride and sodium chloride with regard to solubility in water and electrical conductivity.Solution 1(2013)
a. Dative or coordinate bond
b. B Ammonium chloride
c. C Are insoluble in water
d.
| Carbon tetrachloride | Sodium chloride |
| It is insoluble in water but dissolves in organic solvents. | It is soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. |
| It is a non-conductor of electricity due to the absence of ions. | It does not conduct electricity in the solid state but conducts electricity in the fused or aqueous state. |
Question 1(2014)
a. Compound 'X' consists of only molecules. 'X' will have ______
A. Crystalline hard structure
B. A low m.p. and low b.p.
C. An ionic bond
D. A strong force of attraction between its molecules
b. The molecule which contains a triple covalent bond is
A. ammonia
B. methane
C. water
D. nitrogen
c. Give one word or phrase for the following: Formation of ions from molecules.
d. Give reason why covalent compounds exist as gases, liquids or soft solids.Solution 1(2014)
a. B
b. D
c. Ionisation
d. Their constituent particles are molecules. These exist as gases or liquids or soft solids because they have weak forces of attraction between their molecules.Question 2
What do you understand by lone pair and shared pair?Solution 2
A pair of electrons which is not shared with any other atom is known as a lone pair of electrons. It is provided to the other atom for the formation of a coordinate bond.
A pair of electrons which is shared between two atoms resulting in the formation of a covalent bond is called a shared pair.Question 3
State the type of bonding in the following molecules:
a. Water
b. Calcium oxide
c. Hydroxyl ion
d. Methane
e. Ammonium ion
f. Ammonium chlorideSolution 3
a. Polar covalent bond
b. Ionic bond
c. O and H are bonded with a single covalent bond and oxygen possesses a single negative charge in the hydroxyl ion.
d. Covalent bond
e. Coordinate bond
f. Electrovalent bond, dative bond (or coordinate bond) and covalent bondQuestion 4
(a) Draw an electron dot diagram to show the structure of each of the following:
(i) Hydronium ions
(ii) Ammonium ion
(iii) Hydroxyl ion
State the type of bonding present in them.
(b) Give two examples in each case:
(i) Co-ordinate bond compounds
(ii) Solid covalent compounds
(iii) Gaseous polar compounds
(iv) Gaseous non-polar compounds
(v) Liquid non-polar compoundsSolution 4
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
(i) Ammoniumion and hydronium ion
(ii) Phosphoruspentachloride and diamond
(iii) Hydrogen chloride and water vapour
(iv) Oxygen gas and nitrogen gas
(v) Toluene and GasolineQuestion 5
Element M forms a chloride with the formula MCl2 which is a solid with high melting point. M would most likely be in the group in which ______ is placed. [(a) Na (b) Mg (c)Al (d) Si]Solution 5
MgQuestion 6
Complete the following:
| Sodium | Phosphorus | Carbon | |
| Formula of chloride | |||
| Nature of bonding | |||
| Physical state of chloride |
Solution 6
| Sodium | Phosphorus | Carbon | |
| Formula of chloride | NaCl | PCl5 | CCl4 |
| Nature of bonding | Ionic | Covalent | Covalent |
| Physical state of chloride | Solid | Solid | Liquid |
Question 7
a. How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecules: calcium oxide, chlorine, water, carbon tetrachloride?
b. How many electrons are required by each atom mentioned in (a) to attain the nearest noble gas configuration?Solution 7
a. CaO - 1 calcium atom + 1 oxygen atom
Cl2 - 2 chlorine atoms
H2O - 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom
CCl4 - 1 carbon atom + 4 chlorine atoms
b.
Ca - will donate two electrons
O - will accept two electrons
Cl - will accept one electron, so two Cl atoms will share an electron pair.
C - will accept four electrons by sharing electrons pairs with hydrogen forming covalent bonds.
H - will donate one electron by sharing an electron pair with carbon.Question 8
Complete the following:
(a) When the nuclei of two reacting atoms are of _____ mass, then a bond so formed is called _____covalent bond. (Equal, unequal, polar, non -polar).
(b) In case of non-polar covalent bond, the covalent bond is formed in the _____of atoms and shared electrons are distributed _____. (Corner, middle, equally, unequally).
(c) Ionic or electrovalent compounds do not conduct electricity in their …………… state. (Fused/solid)
(d) The ions in ______ compounds are held very strongly due to strong _______ forces. ( electrovalent, covalent, electromagnetic, electrostatic)Solution 8
(a) Unequal,polar
(b) Middle, equally
(c) Ionic or electrovalent compounds do not conduct electricity in their solid state.
(d) Electrovalent, electrostaticQuestion 9
a. Compound X consists of molecules. Choose the letter corresponding to the correct answer from the options A, B, C and D given below:
i. The type of bonding in X will be
A. ionic
B. electrovalent
C. covalent
D. molecular
ii. X is likely to have a
A. low melting point and high boiling point
B. high melting point and low boiling point
C. low melting point and low boiling point
D. high melting point and high boiling point
iii. In the liquid state, X will
A. become ionic
B. be an electrolyte
C. conduct electricity
D. not conduct electricitySolution 9
a.
i. C
ii. C
iii. DQuestion 10
a. Electrons are getting added to an element Y:
i. Is Y getting oxidised or reduced?
ii. What charge will Y migrate to during the process of electrolysis?
b. Acids dissolve in water and produce positively charged ions. Draw the structure of these positive ions.
c. Explain why carbon tetrachloride does not dissolve in water.Solution 10
a.
i. Y is getting reduced.
ii. Y is positive and it will migrate towards negative electrode that is cathode.
b.
c. It is a non-polar covalent compound and does not dissolve in polar solvents like water.Question 12 (a)
In the formation of magnesium chloride (by direct combination between magnesium and chloride), name the substance that is oxidized and the substance that is reduced.Solution 12 (a)
Magnesium oxidises and chlorine reduces during the formation of magnesium chloride.Question 12 (b)
What are the terms defined below?
(i) A bond formed by share pair of electrons, each bonding atom contributing one electron to the pair.
(ii) A bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming from the same atom.Solution 12 (b)
(i) Covalent bond
(ii) Co-ordinate bondQuestion 2016
(a) The following table shows the electronic configuration of the elements W, X, Y, Z:
| Element | W | X | Y | Z |
| Electronic configurations | 2, 8, 1 | 2, 8, 7 | 2, 5 | 1 |
Answer the following questions based on the table above:
(i) What type of Bond is formed between :
1. W and X 2. Y and Z
(ii) What is the formula of the compound formed between :
1. X and Z 2. W and XSolution 2016
(i) Ionic bond is formed by transfer of one electron from element W to element X.
(ii) Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons between elements Y and Z. Question 11
a. Elements Q and S react together to form an ionic compound. Under normal conditions, which physical state will the compound QS exist in?
b. Can Q and S both be metals? Justify your answer.
c. The property which is characteristic of an electrovalent compound is that
A. it is easily vaporised
B. it has a high melting point
C. it is a weak electrolyte
D. it often exists as a liquid
d. When a metal atom becomes an ion,
A. it loses electrons and is oxidised
B. it gains electrons and is reduced
C. it gains electrons and is oxidised
D. it loses electrons and is reducedSolution 11
a. Solid
b. No, in the formation of an ionic compound, one element is a metal and the other is a non-metal.
c. B
d. A